GoldenEye 007 (1997 video game)

Aggregate scores
GameRankings	95%
Metacritic	96/100
Review scores
AllGame
Edge	9/10
Game Revolution	A-
GameSpot	9.8/10
IGN	9.7/10
N64 Magazine	94%
Nintendo Power	9/10
Gaming Age	9.1/10

GoldenEye 007
GoldenEye 007
	; American box art
Developer(s)	Rare
Publisher(s)	Nintendo
Director(s)	Martin Hollis
Producer(s)	Martin Hollis
Artist(s)	Karl Hilton; Adrian Smith; B. Jones
Writer(s)	David Doak
Composer(s)	Graeme Norgate; Grant Kirkhope; Robin Beanland
Series	James Bond
Platform(s)	Nintendo 64
Release	25 August 1997
Genre(s)	First-person shooter, stealth
Mode(s)	Single-player, multiplayer

GoldenEye 007 is a first-person shooter video game developed by Rare and based on the 1995 James Bond film GoldenEye. It was released for the Nintendo 64 video game console in August 1997. The game features a single-player campaign in which players assume the role of British Secret Intelligence Service agent James Bond as he fights to prevent a criminal syndicate from using a satellite weapon against London to cause a global financial meltdown. The game includes a split-screen multiplayer mode in which two, three, or four players can compete in different types of deathmatch games.

GoldenEye 007 was developed over a period of two and a half years by an inexperienced team led by Martin Hollis, who had previously worked on the coin-op version of Killer Instinct. It was partially conceived as an on-rails shooter inspired by Sega's Virtua Cop, before being redesigned as a free-roaming shooter. The game was highly acclaimed by the gaming media and sold over eight million copies worldwide, making it the third-best-selling Nintendo 64 game. It received the BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Games Award and four awards from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences.

Retrospectively, GoldenEye 007 is considered an important game in the history of first-person shooters for demonstrating the viability of game consoles as platforms for the genre, and for signalling a transition from the then-standard Doom-like approach to a more realistic style. It pioneered features such as atmospheric single-player missions, stealth elements, and a console multiplayer deathmatch mode. The game is frequently cited as one of the greatest video games of all time. A spiritual successor, Perfect Dark, was released in 2000, while a reimagining of the game, also titled GoldenEye 007, was released in 2010.

Gameplay[edit]

A bunker with a floor full of tiles, a large screen displaying a world map in a wall, and monitors in the ceiling. A hand holding a gun is seen on the bottom right corner. Around the image are graphic symbols representing health, ammo, and armour of the player.

Bond holding the silenced PP7 in the Bunker level. The red and blue bars represent the player's health and armour levels respectively. Ammunition information is displayed at the bottom right corner. If the armour and health are completely depleted, Bond will die with blood dripping down the screen like the famous gun barrel sequence.

GoldenEye 007 is a first-person shooter that features both single and multiplayer modes. In the single-player mode, the player takes the role of James Bond through a series of free-roaming 3D levels. Each level requires the player to complete a certain set of objectives – such as collecting or destroying specified items, rescuing hostages, or meeting with friendly non-player characters (NPCs) – and then exit the stage.^[1] Some gadgets from the James Bond film series are featured in the game and are often used to complete particular mission objectives;^[2] for example, in one level the electromagnetic watch from Live and Let Die is used to acquire a jail cell key.^[3]

The arsenal of weapons includes pistols, submachine guns, assault rifles, grenades, and throwing knives, among others.^[4] Guns have a finite magazine and must be reloaded after a certain number of shots, but the player may acquire and carry as many weapons as can be found in each mission. The player's initial weapon in most missions is James Bond's Walther PPK, called the PP7 special issue in-game. Most of the game's firearms are modelled on real-life counterparts (although their names are altered), while others are based on fictitious devices featured in the Bond films, such as the Golden Gun and Moonraker laser. The weapons vary in characteristics such as rate of fire, degree of penetration, and type of ammunition used, and inflict different levels of damage depending on which body part they hit.^[5]^[6]

Stealth is a significant element of the gameplay; frequent gunfire can alert distant guards,^[7] and activated alarms can trigger infinitely-respawning enemies. Therefore, to avoid gunfights with numerous opponents, it is advantageous to eliminate soldiers and security cameras before they spot or hear the player. Certain weapons incorporate suppressor or telescopic sight attachments to aid the player in killing enemies discreetly.^[5] There are no health-recovery items in the game, although armour vests can be acquired to provide a secondary health bar.

Four save files are available to track the player's progress through the game's twenty missions, each of which may be played on "Agent", "Secret Agent", or "00-Agent" difficulty settings.^[5] Higher difficulties increase the challenge by altering factors such as the damage enemies can withstand and inflict, the amount of ammunition available, and the number of objectives that must be completed.^[5] Once a mission is completed, the player may either continue progressing through the story or choose to replay a previously completed level. Completing certain missions within particular target times enables the player to unlock bonus cheat options which make various changes to the gameplay.^[5] Upon fully completing the game on the hardest difficulty setting, an additional "007" mode is unlocked that allows the player to customise the challenge of any mission by manually adjusting enemies' health, reaction times, aiming accuracy, and the damage they inflict.^[5]

The multiplayer mode allows two, three, or four players to compete against each other in five different types of split screen deathmatch games: Normal, You Only Live Twice, The Living Daylights (Flag Tag), The Man With the Golden Gun, and Licence to Kill.^[8] Normal is a basic deathmatch mode in which the main objective is to kill opponents as many times as possible. It can be played as a free-for-all game or in teams.^[8] In You Only Live Twice, players only have two lives before they are eliminated from the game,^[8] and Licence to Kill is a mode in which players die from a single hit with any weapon.^[8] In The Man With the Golden Gun, a single Golden Gun, which is capable of killing opponents with only one shot, is placed in a fixed location on the map; once the Golden Gun is picked up, the only way to re-acquire it is to kill the player holding it. The player with the Golden Gun is unable to pick up body armour while opponents can.^[8] In The Living Daylights, a "flag" is placed in a fixed location on the map, and the player who holds it the longest wins. The flag-carrier cannot use weapons but can still collect them to keep opponents from stocking ammunition.^[8] Aspects of each gametype can be customised, including the chosen map, class of weapons, and winning condition.^[8] As players progress through the single player mode, new maps and characters are unlocked in the multiplayer mode.^[5]

Plot[edit]

GoldenEye 007 starts in Arkhangelsk in the Soviet Union in 1986, where MI6 has uncovered a secret chemical weapons facility at the Byelomorye Dam.^[9] James Bond and fellow 00-agent Alec Trevelyan are sent to infiltrate the facility and plant explosive charges.^[10] During the mission, Trevelyan is apparently killed by Colonel Arkady Ourumov, while Bond escapes by commandeering an aeroplane.^[11] Five years later in 1991, Bond is sent to investigate a satellite control station in Severnaya, Russia,^[12] where programmers Natalya Simonova and Boris Grishenko work. Two years after the Severnaya mission, Bond investigates an unscheduled test firing of a missile in Kyrgyzstan, believed to be a cover for the launch of a satellite known as GoldenEye.^[13] This space-based weapon works by firing a concentrated electromagnetic pulse at any Earth target to disable any electrical circuit within range. As Bond leaves the silo, he is ambushed by Ourumov and a squad of Russian troops. Ourumov manages to escape during the encounter.

The remainder of the game takes place in 1995. Bond visits Monte Carlo to investigate the frigate La Fayette, where he rescues several hostages and plants a tracker bug on the Eurocopter Tiger helicopter before it is stolen by the Janus crime syndicate.^[14] Bond is then sent a second time to Severnaya, but during the mission he is captured and locked up in the bunker's cells along with Natalya Simonova, who has been betrayed to Janus. The two escape the complex seconds before it is destroyed, on the orders of Ourumov, by the GoldenEye satellite's EMP. Bond next travels to Saint Petersburg, where he arranges with ex-KGB agent Valentin Zukovsky to meet the chief of the Janus organisation.^[15] This is revealed to be Alec Trevelyan – his execution by Ourumov in the Arkhangelsk facility was faked. Bond and Natalya escape from Trevelyan, but are arrested by the Russian police and taken to the military archives for interrogation. Bond eventually manages to escape the interrogation room, rescue Natalya, and communicate with Defence Minister Dimitri Mishkin, who has verified Bond's claim of Ourumov's treachery.^[16] Natalya is recaptured by General Ourumov, and Bond gives chase through the streets of St. Petersburg,^[17]eventually reaching an arms depot used by Janus. There, Bond destroys its weaponry stores and then hitches a ride on Trevelyan's ex-Soviet missile train,^[18] where he kills Ourumov and rescues Natalya. However, Alec Trevelyan and his ally Xenia Onatopp escape to their secret base in Cuba.^[19]

Natalya accompanies Bond to the Caribbean. Surveying the Cuban jungle aerially, their light aircraft is shot down. Unscathed, Bond and Natalya perform a ground search of the area's heavily guarded jungle terrain, but are ambushed by Xenia,^[20] who is quickly killed by Bond. Bond sneaks Natalya into the control centre to disrupt transmissions to the GoldenEye satellite and force it to burn up in the Earth's atmosphere.^[21] He then follows the fleeing Trevelyan through a series of flooded caverns,^[22] eventually arriving at the antenna of the control centre's radio telescope. Trevelyan attempts to re-align it in a final attempt to restore contact with the GoldenEye,^[23] but Bond ultimately destroys machinery vital to controlling the antenna and defeats Trevelyan in a gunfight on a platform above the dish.

Development[edit]

Design[edit]

The geometry of some of the structures in the film (top) was replicated in the game (bottom).

GoldenEye 007 was developed by Rare and directed by Martin Hollis, who had previously worked as a second programmer on the coin-opversion of Killer Instinct.^[24] In November 1994, after Nintendo and Rare discussed the possibility of developing a game based on the then-future James Bond film GoldenEye, Hollis told Tim Stamper, Rare's managing director, that he was interested in the project.^[25] Due to the success of Rare's 1994 title Donkey Kong Country, GoldenEye 007 was originally suggested as a 2D side-scrolling platformer for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System.^[7] However, Hollis proposed "a 3D shooting game" for the Nintendo 64 console, then still in development and known as "Ultra 64".^[25] He then created a document with all the design ideas he wanted in the game, including gadgets, weapons, characters to use, story digression from the film, and an artificial intelligence (AI) that would react to the player's actions.^[25]

Sega's 1994 light gun shooter Virtua Cop was the primary influence on the game, although id Software's seminal 1993 first person shooterDoom and the Nintendo 64 launch title Super Mario 64 were also credited.^[25] Features such as gun reloading, position-dependent hit reaction animations, penalties for killing innocent characters, and the game's manual aiming system that is activated upon pressing the R button of the Nintendo 64 controller were adopted from Virtua Cop.^[25] At one point, developers planned to implement the reloading of the weapons by the player unplugging and re-inserting the Rumble Pak on the controller, but the idea was ultimately discarded at Nintendo's behest.^[7] The concept of several varied objectives within each mission was inspired by the multiple tasks in each stage of Super Mario 64.^[26]

The team in charge of the project visited the studios of the GoldenEye film several times to collect photographs and blueprints of the sets that were used.^[7]^[27] Eon Productions and MGM, the companies that control the rights of the James Bond films, granted the team a broad licence,^[28] and many levels in the game were extended or modified to allow the player to participate in sequences which the film's James Bond did not.^[25] Although the reference material was used for authenticity, the team was not afraid to add to it to help the game design.^[7] John Woo films such as Hard Boiled were significant influences on the game's visual effects and kinetic moments. Details such as bullet marks on walls, cartridge cases being ejected from guns, and objects exploding were part of the design.^[25] Hollis explained that he wanted players to receive a lot of feedback from the environment when they shoot.^[28]

Production[edit]

An SGI Onyx was used during the first stages of development.

Work on GoldenEye 007 began in January 1995^[29] with a team of three people that was hired by Hollis: programmer Mark Edmonds, background artist Karl Hilton, and character artist B. Jones.^[28] Edmonds focused on creating a game engine that could render 3D graphics from art packages into Nintendo 64 data structures.^[25] Hilton modelled levels based on the film material, while Jones constructed characters based on photos and costumes they had.^[25] Since final Nintendo 64 specifications and development kits were not initially available to Rare, the team had to estimate the finalised console's capabilities using an SGI Onyx workstation and Nintendo's custom NINGEN development software.^[25]^[27]In the following months, designer Duncan Botwood joined the team to construct the levels. The first year was spent producing art assets and developing the engine, which originally only allowed the player and enemies to move around a virtual environment.^[25]

Originally, the development team considered the possibility for the game to have both on-rails and free-roaming modes because they did not know how the Nintendo 64 controller would be;^[25] GoldenEye's gas plant location was modelled by Hilton with a predetermined path in mind.^[7]A modified Sega Saturn controller was used for some early playtesting.^[7] The designers' initial priority was purely on the creation of interesting spaces; level design and balance considerations such as the placement of start and exit points, characters and objectives did not begin until this process was complete.^[25] According to Hollis, "The benefit of this sloppy unplanned approach was that many of the levels in the game have a realistic and non-linear feel. There are rooms with no direct relevance to the level. There are multiple routes across the level."^[25]

After the first year of development, Rare decided to add more staff to the project. The first addition was designer David Doak, who helped with the level designs and worked on the game's AI scripting.^[25] He explained how the game's stealth elements were implemented: "Whenever you fired a gun, it had a radius test and alerted the non-player characters within that radius. If you fired the same gun again within a certain amount of time, it did a larger radius test and I think there was a third even larger radius after that. It meant if you found one guy and shot him in the head and then didn't fire again, the timer would reset".^[7] Windows throughout the game were programmed so that enemies cannot see through them while the player can. Though decidedly unrealistic, this was an intentional feature made to encourage the player to use windows to covertly spy on enemies.^[25]

A second programmer, Steve Ellies, was hired by Hollis six months later.^[25] Although Ellies assisted the development team in many areas and programmed the cheat options, he was mostly responsible for implementing the game's multiplayer mode,^[28] which was added to the game roughly six months before it was released.^[30] According to Doak, Ellies "sat in a room with all the code written for a single-player game and turned GoldenEye into a multiplayer game."^[31] The team spent numerous late evenings playtesting it before it was finished.^[29] The multiplayer levels are based on single-player missions and some of them do not support four players because they were initially not designed to handle multiplayer action.^[30] Adrian Smith, the game's third and last artist, who had already worked on some games at Rare,^[25] was in charge of producing visual effects such as muzzle flashes and explosions. He mentioned the 1995 film Heat as an influence.^[28] A firing range was modelled as an environment, but was ultimately not added to the game.^[28]

The final Nintendo 64 hardware could render polygons faster than the SGI Onyx workstation the development team had been using. This helped the developers significantly, as some backgrounds rendered at 2 frames per second on the Onyx without even drawing enemies, objects, or Bond's gun.^[25] However, the game's textures had to be cut down by half.^[7]Hilton explained one method of improving the game's performance: "A lot of GoldenEye is in black and white. RGB colour textures cost a lot more in terms of processing power. You could do double the resolution if you used greyscale, so a lot was done like that. If I needed a bit of colour, I'd add it in the vertex."^[7] When Super Mario 64 was released in 1996, the 3D collision detection system of the game was very influential for Hollis because GoldenEye 007 was using a 2D method.^[7]

The music of GoldenEye 007 was primarily composed by Graeme Norgate and Grant Kirkhope. Norgate previously penned the music of Blast Corps, while Kirkhope composed the music of Donkey Kong Land 2.^[30] Robin Beanland, the game's third composer, only wrote the elevator music that can be heard in certain levels.^[28] All the sound effects were created by Norgate and a lot of effort was put into combining and permuting sounds in different ways to give the game a satisfying feel.^[28] According to Hollis, whenever the player shoots a gun in the game, up to nine different sound effects will randomly trigger.^[28] When the game was reviewed by Nintendo shortly before it was released, the company was slightly concerned about the amount of violence and gunplay. As a result, the team toned down the killing and added an end credits sequence that introduces all the non-player characters, giving the game a filmic sense.^[26] The game ultimately received a Teen rating from the Entertainment Software Rating Board.^[30]

GoldenEye 007 was released on a 96-megabit cartridge on 25 August 1997.^[32] Every cartridge of the game contains a fully functional ZX Spectrum emulator with ten Rare developed games. This function was originally made as an experimental side project by Rare and was deactivated in the final build of the game, but has since been unlocked through fan-made patches.^[33] The actual development of GoldenEye 007 took more than two and a half years to complete and a total of US$2 million was spent on the game.^[26] Most of the development team, which was composed of 11 people including Hollis, was inexperienced and had never worked on a video game.^[28] As Doak recalled in 2004, "Looking back, there are things I'd be wary of attempting now, but as none of the people working on the code, graphics, and game design had worked on a game before, there was this joyful naïveté."^[31]Hollis considered the team very talented and dedicated, with some people working 80 hours a week and occasionally 120 hours a week.^[25]

Reception[edit]

Reception

Despite low expectations among the gaming media and an unsuccessful showing at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in Atlanta in 1997,^[25]^[40] GoldenEye 007 turned out to be both a critical and a commercial success.^[35] In 1998, it sold approximately 2.1 million units copies, surpassing The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, which was released in November 1998 and sold nearly the same amount.^[41] Overall, GoldenEye 007 sold more than eight million units worldwide, making it the third best selling Nintendo 64 game, behind Super Mario 64 and Mario Kart 64.^[25]^[42] According to a paper published on the website of the Entertainment Software Association, the game grossed $250 million worldwide.^[43]

Graphically, GoldenEye 007 was praised for its varied and detailed environments,^[2]^[37] realistic animations,^[2]^[37] special effects such as glass transparencies and lingering smoke,^[2]^[3] and high frame rate in multiplayer games.^[39] The zoomable sniper rifle was praised as one of the game's most impressive and entertaining features,^[4]^[44] with Edge describing it as a "novel twist"^[2] and Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot noting its ability to alleviate the game's distance fog.^[37] The game's music was praised for its inclusion of the "James Bond Theme" and for adding ambience to the game.^[3]^[37] Some levels begin in lifts and feature transitions from elevator music to full soundtracks, which Gerstmann cited as an illustration of the game's attention to detail.^[37] However, the omission of character speech was criticised.^[37]

The gameplay was highlighted for its depth.^[1]^[3]^[37] IGN's Doug Perry called GoldenEye 007 an immersive game which "blends smart strategy gameplay with fast-action gunmanship".^[3] Similarly, Greg Sewart of Gaming Age remarked that players have "a bit of freedom as to what they want to do in any given situation, and what order the directives are completed in".^[1] Reviewers also enjoyed the wide variety of weapons and the multi-objective-based missions, stating that they make the game stay "fresh by never having you do the same thing twice".^[1]^[2]^[3] The controls were praised for being more intuitive than Acclaim's earlier well-received Nintendo 64 first-person shooter Turok: Dinosaur Hunter.^[3]^[45] Game Revolution credited the gameplay for being realistic and different from other shooters, but also criticised the campaign for being badly paced.^[4] The publication noted that GoldenEye 007 "takes it for granted that you have already seen the movie" and that players may get stuck due to the game's lack of orientation.^[4] At the time, the multiplayer mode was considered the best multiplayer game on the system, "edging Mario Kart 64 by a hair" according to IGN.^[3] Edge called it addictive and praised the originality of some of the scenarios such as You Only Live Twice.^[2]

GoldenEye 007 received multiple year-end awards, including the BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Games Award in 1998,^[46] and four awards from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences: Console Action Game of the Year, Console Game of the Year, Interactive Title of the Year, and Outstanding Achievement in Software Engineering.^[47] Rare was also recognised for its work on the game and won the BAFTA award for Best UK Developer.^[46]

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